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Summary

Ethics Class 03

## BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (5:05 P.M.)

- (\*Refer to the diagram drawn by the faculty on the board.)
- Norms are the guidelines that are informally created by the societal members and imposed on all the members.
- The higher stages of the evolution of norms are called Laws.

## LAWS (5:08 P.M.)

- Ethics describes what is the right thing to do.
- It can have multiple answers depending upon the source of ethics.
- There was a need for a minimum enforceable standard of behaviour, which is common to all.
- This gave rise to Laws. Laws remain the same for everyone and are enforceable.
- Laws are based on the ethical framework. The purpose of the law is to establish social order by controlling the immoral behaviour of society.
- Laws are external sets of standards imposed by the appropriate authority.
- Any individual disobeying the law is liable to face penalties and punishments.
- Laws have societal sanctions and are responsible for the smooth functioning of society.
- However, ethics acts as a moral compass even when the law is silent.
- Ethics act as the first line of defence against deviance, whereas law enforcement is remedial and reactive.
- Andre Beteille quotes that law determines the direction in which society should move. However, it is the culture that determines the direction in which society moves.

## DISCUSSION ON QUESTION

- **Question:**
- Give examples where law and ethics are in confrontation.
- **Approach:**
- Mention the examples of all the possibilities:
- (a) ==Legal and Ethical==
- Child Labor Prohibition
- Education (free and compulsory) for children in the age group 6-14.
- Right to Privacy.
- Right to Food.
- (b) ==Legal but not Ethical==
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
- Capital Punishment.
- Passive Euthanasia.
- Suicide.
- Altruistic Surrogacy.
- Divorce.
- Breaking promises.
- Live-in relations.
- Not donating from personal wealth.
- Moonlighting.
- (c) ==Ethical but not legal==
- Hungry child stealing a loaf of bread for the starving family.
- Breaking and jumping traffic lights to save the life of someone.
- (d) ==Neither Legal Nor Ethical==
- Child Sexual Abuse.
- Human Trafficking.
- Domestic Violence.

## SOCIALIZATION (5:48 P.M.)

- **Framework**
- (a) Concept
- (b) Mechanism of Socialization
- (c) Agency of Socialization
- **Concept**
- It is defined as the process through which a child is inducted into the culture of the society.
- It is also defined as the process through which values are transmitted from one generation to another.
- **Mechanism of Socialization**
- (a) Observational Learning.
- (b) Rewards and Punishment.
- (c) Role taking
- (d) Trial and Error.
- ==Observation Learning==
- The process of learning by watching others.
- It occurs through social role models such as parents, teachers, friends, etc.
- For example, a reflection of parents on the behaviour of children, or hero-worshipping.
- ==Reward and Punishment==
- The most common way of socialization is where a person is rewarded on the display of desirable conduct but is punished on the display of undesirable conduct.
- Similarly, it emphasizes how the glorification of disapproved behaviour has led to the creation of a morally corrupt society.
- For example, the Sanskritization of corruption.
- It means blindly emulating the culture of corruption to improve one's status in society.
- Broken Window theory: When committing a petty crime, if a person is not reprimanded, the chances of him committing grave crimes at later stages get very high.
- ==Role Taking== **(6:23 P.M.)**
- It is a process of imagining and visualizing oneself as someone else and acting like them.
- While playing such roles an individual can understand the feelings of others and suitably modify their response.
- This technique can be used to ensure reform among the prisoners.
- For example, inculcation of patriotism by playing the role of freedom fighters.
- In an initiative by B.D.O. in the context of Ghatpatila district concerning the implementation of the Swacch Bharat Mission.
- In this context, the children were made the agency of change by taking on the role of freedom fighters.
- ==Trial and Error==
- It means learning through one's own experiences.
- **Agency of Socialization**
- (a) Family
- (b) Education System
- (c) Media
- (d) Peer Group
- (e) Religion.

## FAMILY (6:41 P.M.)

- It is an informal agency of socialization.
- It helps in establishing value consensus by socializing children in their formative years concerning the values of society.
- Values like respect, love, cooperation, delayed gratification, obedience, etc. are given by family

## STYLES OF PARENTING

- The different styles of parenting are democratic, autocratic, and permissive.
- **Autocratic Parenting**
- It is the parenting type in which the parents restrict the autonomy of the children.
- Parents impose their value system on their children.
- Power distance is very high between the children and the parents.
- Either the child becomes too compliant or too hostile.
- In case of compliance, the child becomes submissive and lacks risk-taking ability and confidence.
- However, if s/he becomes hostile then autocratic, individualistic, self-centred, etc.
- **Democratic Parenting**
- The communication between the child and the parents is based on rationality.
- The relationship between the parents and child is based on trust, mutual respect, openness, and receptivity to feedback.
- Parents should exhibit the values of patience and tolerance.
- Positive reinforcement on the display of desired behaviour.
- Overall the values that developed are:
- (a) Rationality
- (b) Optimism
- (c) Courage
- (d) Respect
- (e) Tolerance
- **Permissive Parenting**
- Too much freedom is given to the children to the extent that it is compatible with their physical survival.
- In such cases, the chances of disapproved behaviour by the children are very high.
- Overall the values that developed are:
- (a) Apathy
- (b) Neglect
- (c) Indifference

## ROLE OF MOTHER

- It depends on the attachment, secure and insecure attachment.
- **Secure attachment**
- (a) Mothering is consistent.
- (b) The relationship between the mother and the child is based on mutual trust and respect.
- (c) The mother acts as a rational role model for the child.
- Values inculcated will be high achievement orientation, display of bold behaviour and courage, rationality, leadership qualities, etc.
- **Insecure Attachment**
- If the mother is impervious to the needs of the child.
- For example, on one hand, it is apathy and neglect, and on the other hand excessive indulgence.
- The values inculcated are lack of compassion, lack of courage, high dependency orientation, high tendency to associate with anti-social elements, etc.

## HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

- Prepare the life of Mother in the life of Gandhiji, Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and Abraham Lincoln.

## ROLE OF FATHER (7:21 P.M.)

- WHO says that socialization by both mother and father is significant for the holistic development of the child in the first thousand days.
- Boys learn gender-appropriate behaviour from their fathers.
- Girls learn to make heterosexual adjustments from their fathers.
- The role played by the father of the Phogat sisters, Gunjan Saxena, etc.

## THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: SOCIALIZATION (CONTINUED)